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The purpose of the Department of Chemistry Safety Manual is to provide guidelines and policies that will promote a safe and healthy work environment for all personnel and students within the department, for all visitors to the department, and for all other persons who have reason to be working in departmental laboratories. It is the intent that the policies and guidelines presented in the manual ensure compliance with federal, state and local regulations.
A large number of regulations affect laboratories. While the Final Rule on Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Substances in Laboratories, 29CFR 1910.1450, is the primary OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) regulation concerning work with chemicals in laboratories, there are also other closely related OSHA regulations directly affecting laboratories. Besides OSHA standards, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency governs the management of hazardous wastes and protection from radiation hazards is regulated by both OSHA and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. In addition components of the Toxic Substances Control Act apply to research laboratories.
The final rule on Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, 29 CFR 910.1450, was released by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on January 31, 1990 and is commonly referred to as the "Laboratory Standard". The standard applies to all employers that are engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous substances.
The main requirement of the standard is that employers develop and implement a Chemical Hygiene Plan ( CHP) , which is a written program that must be capable of protecting employees from the health hazards associated with chemicals used in the workplace. It is essential that employee exposures are maintained below the airborne permissible exposure limits adopted by OSHA. The Department of Chemistry Chemical Hygiene Plan is found in the next section of this manual.
The Lab Standard supersedes the requirements of all other health standards in 29 CFR part 1910 subpart Z except for the requirement limiting exposures to below the Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). Where the PELs are routinely exceeded, exposure monitoring and medical surveillance are required. Also the prohibition of eye and skin contact specified by any OSHA health standard must be observed.
While the Lab Standard supersedes OSHA health standards other standards not specifically addressed remain applicable. Subpart H of 29 CFR part 1910 which addresses physical hazards such as compressed gases, flammable liquids, and combustible liquids remains in effect for laboratories. In addition , Subpart G which addresses ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is applicable along with the General Duty Clause explained below.
The purpose of the General Duty Clause is to assure that the workplace is free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause serious physical harm to employees. The General Duty Clause must not be used in cases where a specific standard exists and may not be used to set a higher level of protection then is provided for in a standard. However any serious hazard not covered by a specific provision of OSHA may be subject to a citation under the General Duty Clause.
The General Duty Clause can be cited when:
The Minnesota Employee Right-to-Know Act (MERTKA) applies to employees who are routinely exposed to hazardous substances in a non - laboratory setting. While personnel in the Chemistry Department are covered under the Laboratory Standard, MERTKA requirements may apply when working with infectious agents and non-ionizing radiation.
Permissible Exposure Limits are regulatory standards set by OSHA . One of the requirements of the Laboratory Standard is that Permissible Exposure Limits not be exceeded for any OSHA health standard. The PELs for air contaminants set by OSHA are listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000.
While the Laboratory Standard exempts laboratories from most provisions of 29 CFR 1910 subpart Z, other subparts including H, Hazardous Materials apply. Subpart H provides protection against the hazards of compressed gases, flammable and combustible liquids, explosives and anhydrous ammonia. Also applicable are the Uniform Fire Code and the National Fire Protection Association Standards.
Subpart I of 29 CFR part 1910 ensures that employees are provided with and have appropriate training in the use of personal protective equipment including eye protection, face protection and respiratory tract protection. Also applicable are the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Standards.
Protection from the hazards associated with radiation including ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation and radioactive materials is required by several regulations. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.96, 29 CFR 1910.97 along with the Atomic Energy Act, the Energy Reorganization Act, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission all establish standards of protection, exposure limits, and licensing requirements. All work with radioactive materials and equipment producing radiation ( shorter than UV wavelength) at the University of Minnesota is regulated by the Radiation Protection Division of the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has several regulations on managing hazardous wastes. Included are manifesting rules, storage rules, record keeping requirements, training requirements and emergency response requirements. Also applicable is 40 CFR 260 to 399 and 49 CFR 100 to 199 (Department of Transportation Rules). Read and follow the provisions of the U of MN's Hazardous Chemical Waste Management Guidebook to ensure compliance with these rules and requirements.
The purpose of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is to control new or existing chemicals that may present unreasonable health risks. The part of TSCA that directly affects research laboratories is part 8c which includes record keeping requirements for significant adverse reaction allegations.
Fire protection and fire safety are addressed in the OSHA standards 29 CFR 1910.157 and 1910.138. OSHA requires that personnel be trained in fire safety and that available fire fighting equipment is maintained.
Chemical spill response is addressed by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.120, the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard and in the Lab Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1450. Also, spill response is addressed in the Minnesota Hazardous Waste Rules.
The Chemical Safety Manual provides guidelines for safely working in the laboratory. The manual describes safe work practices, and when and how to properly use engineering controls, personal protective equipment and other safety equipment. Following the guidelines presented in the manual will ensure that all of the provisions of the appropriate federal, state and local regulations will be satisfied.
The Laboratory Standard requires that all personnel are protected from the health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in the laboratory. Research and academic laboratories differ from general industry in the manner in which hazardous substances are used and handled. Laboratory workers are generally exposed to a larger variety of hazardous substances but for shorter duration. Therefore, the approach adopted in providing protection from the health hazards associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals is to follow standard working procedures for classes of hazardous substances rather than for specific substances.
Hazardous chemicals are those substances which are either physical hazards or health hazards. The OSHA Laboratory Standard defines health and physical hazards as:
substances for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed individuals and include:
chemicals for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive),or water-reactive.
OSHA considers select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and substances that have a high degree of acute toxicity to be particularly hazardous substances. Additional precautions beyond the general safety practices are required when working with particularly hazardous substances.
There are approximately 700 substances for which OSHA has established Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL's). The PELs are regulatory standards ( 29 CFR 1910.1000) established to protect workers from overexposure to airborne toxic and hazardous substances. Some substances may also have action levels. An action level is an airborne concentration below the PEL at which certain activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance must occur. Compounds with action levels include benzene, arsenic, acrylonitrile, cadmium, ethylene oxide, lead, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and DBCP ( 1,2 -dibromo -3- chloropropane).
The Laboratory Standard requires that :
The Chemical Safety Manual is organized in several sections. The first section consists of the general safety guidelines to be followed for the procurement, distribution and storage of chemicals. Next there are sections concerning the proper use and choice of personal protective equipment and engineering controls. Standard operating procedures for working with the various classes of hazardous substances comprise several sections. The appropriate procedure or procedures are to be followed when work involves hazardous materials. Next, there is a section on working with laboratory equipment. Finally chemical spill response is addressed.
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
The provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan ensure that employees are protected from the health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals used in the workplace. It is the intent that employee exposures to OSHA regulated substances are maintained below the permissible exposure limits(PELs) as specified in 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances.
The Chemical Hygiene Plan is a written program describing safe work practices and procedures, the use of engineering controls such as fume hoods, and the use of personal protective equipment. The practices and procedures outlined in the plan are intended to ensure that employee exposures to OSHA regulate substances are maintained below the permissible exposure limits.
The Laboratory Standard applies to all persons engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals where "Laboratory Use of Hazardous Chemicals" refers to the handling of hazardous chemicals meeting the following criteria:
Laboratory Scale means work with substances in which the containers used for their handling are designed to be manipulated by one person.
Hazardous Chemical is a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed persons.
According to the definitions set forth in the standard , the Chemical Hygiene Plan applies to all personnel in the Department of Chemistry who in the course of his or her assignments may be exposed to hazardous chemicals. Also it is the policy of the University of Minnesota that laboratory students will be given training commensurate with the level of hazard associated with their laboratory work.
As required by the Laboratory Standard, the Chemical Hygiene Plan will be reviewed annually to ensure that adequate protection from exposure to hazardous substances is provided. If necessary the Chemical Hygiene Plan will be updated on an annual basis.
The responsibility for chemical hygiene rests at all levels within the Chemistry Department including the Department Chairperson, Safety Committee, Chemical Hygiene Officer, Laboratory Supervisors, Group Safety Officers and all other personnel and students.
The Department Chairperson has the responsibility and the authority to see that the Chemical Hygiene Plan is written, updated, and implemented. In addition, the Department Chairperson appoints the Chemistry Safety Committee and Chemical Hygiene Officer in accordance with the definition provided in paragraph (b) of 29 CFR 1910.1450. The Department Chairperson has the final responsibility for the safety and health of the employees, visitors, students, and other personnel conducting work in his/her department.
The Chemistry Safety Committee assists the chairperson with the development and implementation of the Department's Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP). The Chemistry Safety Committee provides advice and assistance to laboratory supervisors with regard to the training of Chemistry Department personnel and the implementation of the CHP. The Chemistry Safety Committee is chaired by the Department's Chemical Hygiene Officer.
The Members of the Chemistry Department Chemistry Safety Committee (2004-2005) are:
Faculty members (principal investigators) are responsible for the safety and health of all personnel of and visitors to their laboratories. In addition the following individuals have supervisory responsibilities:
The primary responsibility of the supervisor is to implement the Chemistry Department Chemical Hygiene Plan and ensure compliance with the OSHA Laboratory Standard. The supervisor must ensure that all personnel receive chemical hygiene training, follow all chemical hygiene rules and must ensure that the appropriate protective equipment is available and properly functioning. In addition the supervisor is responsible for assigning designated areas for work with particularly hazardous substances, arranging for any environmental monitoring and any necessary medical consultations or examinations. The supervisor should also conduct regular chemical hygiene inspections.
In a given laboratory there may be specific hazardous situations that are not covered by the Chemistry Department Chemical Hygiene Plan. In these cases it is the responsibility of the supervisor to evaluate the hazards and develop any additional standard operating procedures. The standard operating procedures must meet the provisions of the Laboratory Standard.
It is the responsibility of every faculty member to appoint a Group Safety Officer for their research laboratory. Group safety officers advise and assist their laboratory supervisors in training new personnel, disseminating safety information, conducting inspections of their group's laboratories, and inspecting and ensuring the maintenance of group safety equipment such as spill control kits, fire extinguishers, safety showers, and eyewash facilities. The Safety Officer's responsibilities include, but are not limited to, safety issues involving chemical hygiene.
Employees, as defined by the Department of Chemistry's Chemical Hygiene Plan, are those paid staff under the direction of the Supervisor, as defined by the Plan. Employees not under the direction of the Supervisor, but who are in an area under the direction of the Supervisor, are also subject to the Department of Chemistry's Chemical Hygiene Plan and the standard operating procedures in effect in that area. Also subject to the Plan are all "nonemployee" personnel including unsupported graduate and undergraduate students and visiting scientists.
It is the responsibility of employees and other research personnel to follow the procedures outlined in the Department of Chemistry's Chemical Hygiene Plan and all standard operating procedures developed under that plan. These include the following:
The Department of Environmental Health and Safety (DEHS) , a unit of Campus Health and Safety, is charged with responsibility for control, review, monitoring and advice with respect to exposure to chemical, radiological, and biological agents used in research and teaching. DEHS is also responsible for oversight and control of physical hazards in the workplace, including fire protection, electrical and other safety hazards, and chemical waste disposal. DEHS has authority to stop any activity that in their judgment is immediately hazardous to life or health. The Radiation Protection Division of DEHS has regulatory authority as part of the University of Minnesota's license to use radioactive materials from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Apart from these conditions, DEHS acts in an advisory capacity to the individual departments to help them provide a safe and healthful workplace.
DEHS has professional staff who can be called upon for advice and help on safety and environmental health problems. These professionals evaluate and implement safety policies and review new and existing equipment and operating practices to minimize hazards to the University community from fire, electricity, explosion, pressure, and machinery. DEHS conducts accident investigations and suggests remedial measures and procedures. Training and assistance in conducting special accident prevention programs are available as required.
All personnel covered by the Laboratory Standard are provided with and have access to the following information:
The information listed above is communicated to each employee during the training received at the employee's initial time of hire.
All personnel in the Chemistry Department are required to receive chemical hygiene training at the time of their initial hire. The training is designed so that employees are apprised of the health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in the workplace and measures that they can take to protect themselves from these hazards. If in the course of their work assignments new exposure situations arise, the employee will receive additional training. Also refresher training occurs on an annual basis after the review of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. All of the training includes the following components:
All laboratory work with chemicals must be conducted in a safe manner. Laboratory workers must familiarize themselves with the General Safety Guidelines found in this manual. Adhering to good safety practices will minimize employee exposure to any adverse effects of laboratory chemicals.
When working with physical hazards as defined in the Laboratory Standard and outlined in Chapter One of this manual, laboratory workers must familiarize themselves with the Standard Operating Procedures for Working with Physical Hazards, of this manual. Included are:
When working with health hazards as defined in the Laboratory Standard and outlined in Chapter One, laboratory workers must familiarize themselves with the Standard Operating Procedures for Working with Health Hazards of this manual. Included are:
When work involve the use of particularly hazardous substances as defined in the Laboratory Standard and outlined in Chapter One, the Standard Operating Procedures for Working with Particularly Hazardous Substances of this manual must be followed. Included are procedures for :
All work with particularly hazardous substances must be:
For chemicals developed in the laboratory the following provisions shall apply:
The procurement, distribution and storage of chemicals is to be done in accordance with the procedures in the Chemical Procurement, Distribution and Storage section of this manual. In particular,
All laboratories and areas in which chemicals are handled and used shall have access to :
In addition eye protection must be worn by all personnel and visitors at all times while in Chemistry Department laboratories as described in Eye Protection.
Fume hoods or other containment devices as described in Fume Hoods shall be used:
Gloves must be worn when working with particularly hazardous substances as described in the section, Gloves. Also, gloves are required when working with any substance on the OSHA PEL list carrying a "skin" notation.
All use of respiratory protective equipment must comply with the University of Minnesota Respiratory Protection Program.
Protective equipment including eyewash fountains, safety showers and fume hoods shall be inspected on a regular basis and inspection records shall be kept as follows:
During the maintenance of fume hoods, the fume hood must be cleaned out and if necessary decontaminated. The use of chemicals in the fume hood is restricted during maintenance. Fume hoods that are unsafe for use must be labeled with a "DO NOT USE" sign as described in Fume Hoods. Any modifications to hoods or duct work may not be made without approval from the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.
Inspections of laboratories and areas where chemicals are handled and used shall be done annually. The results of inspections shall be communicated to the appropriate supervisor who will take any appropriate corrective action.
Environmental monitoring will be conducted when an employee reasonably suspects that he/she has sustained an exposure to a hazardous chemical exceeding the PEL or action level for a regulated substance. If this initial monitoring indicates that exposure over the action level or PEL is exceeded then the provisions of the relevant OSHA standard become effective. Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard. The employee will be notified of monitoring results within 15 working days of the receipt of the results by the Chemical Hygiene Officer.
All employees working with hazardous chemicals have an opportunity to receive medical attention and any follow-up examinations deemed necessary by the examining physician under the following conditions:
When the need for a medical consultation or examination occurs, the Chemical Hygiene Officer shall be notified.
All medical consultations and examinations will be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician at no cost or loss of pay to the affected employee and will be performed at a reasonable time and place. The University of Minnesota's Occupational Medical Program is located in Boynton Health Service. If off-hours medical attention is required, the employee should be taken to the University Hospitals Emergency Room. For any incident resulting in a medical consultation or examination, a University of Minnesota First Report of Injury Form should be filled out.
The examining physician will be provided with the following information:
A written report will be provided to the Department of Environmental Health and Safety by the physician and will include :
Any specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure will not be revealed in the physician's written report. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety will notify the Chemistry Department Safety Officer of the results of the medical consultation or examination.
Records of the following activities must be maintained:
Signs and labels shall be used as a means of identifying hazards and emergency information. Prominent signs and labels of the following types shall be posted:
All hazardous chemical wastes are to be disposed of according to the guidelines in the latest edition of the University of Minnesota guidebook, Hazardous Chemical Waste Management. The guidebook shall be made available to all personnel.
Emergency responses for handling injuries, fires, the release of toxic materials and explosives and power outages are outlined in Emergency Responses. For chemical spills, the procedures for clean -up are found in Chemical Spills.
Laboratory workers are required to obtain prior approval for the use of the following hazardous substances:
The prior approval process shall consist of a "request for approval" submitted by the principal investigator of the laboratory to the Departmental Safety Officer at least two weeks prior to the intended use. The criteria to use in determining when to submit a "request for approval" are:
A request for approval shall include:
After a "request for approval" is received the Departmental Safety Officer will consult with appropriately qualified individuals selected from the faculty, safety committee and the Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Recommendations concerning approval decisions will be sent to the Department Chairperson who will make all prior approval decisions.
Records of prior approval decisions will be maintained by the Departmental Safety Officer.
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
Before a substance is received information on the proper handling, storage, and disposal should be known to all individuals involved including receiving room personnel, stockroom personnel and laboratory workers. To ensure that this information is available:
There is great potential for accidents and overexposure to hazardous chemicals to occur when transporting chemicals from the stockroom to the laboratory and between laboratories. The following guidelines are intended to minimize the dangers associated with transporting chemicals.
Chemicals should be stored to minimize exposure to hazardous substances, chemical spills, the possibility of fire or explosions , and to minimize reactivity hazards. Many regulations affect the storage of a variety of substances including radioactive materials, hazardous wastes, flammable and combustible liquids and compressed gases.
When storing chemicals in the laboratory or stockroom they should be stored in appropriate cabinets and shelves as suggested in the following guidelines:
When storing chemicals the identity of the substance, any potential health and physical hazards, and any safe handling precautions should be known as suggested in the following guidelines:
To minimize possible hazards associated with reactivity, chemicals should be separated into compatible groups and stored alphabetically within each group. Related and compatible storage groups are shown in TABLE I.
There are limitations on both the container size for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids and the quantity of flammable and combustible liquids that can be stored in laboratories. Both NFPA Standards 30 and 45 and OSHA Standard 1910.106 limit the container size and the NFPA Standard 45 limits the quantity allowed in laboratories.
For storage purposes, flammable and combustible liquids are classified based on their flashpoints and boiling points. The following definitions from the Laboratory Standard apply :
any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 F or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
a liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 F(37.8 C) but below 200 F (93.3 C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 F or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
the lowest temperature at which a liquid has a sufficient vapor pressure to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
Flammable liquids are known as Class I liquids and combustible liquids as Class II and III. Flammable and combustible liquids are further subdivided as follows:
Class IIIB includes liquids having flashpoints at or above 200 F.
The following guidelines shall apply when storing flammable and combustible liquids in laboratories or laboratory units. A laboratory unit is defined as an enclosed space used for experiments or tests which may or may not include offices, laboratories, and other contiguous rooms maintained for use by laboratory personnel, and corridors within the unit. It may contain one or more separate laboratory work areas but it must be separated from other building areas by appropriate fire resistive construction having at least a one hour fire resistive rating.
The Laboratory Standard defines a compressed gas as:
any material or mixture having in the container either an absolute pressure greater than 276 kPa (40 lbf/in2 ) at 21 C, or an absolute pressure greater than 717 kPa (104 lbf/in2 ) at 54 C, or both , or any liquid flammable material having a Reid vapor pressure greater than 276 kPa (40lbf/in2 ) at 38 C.
When storing compressed gas cylinders the following precautions should be observed:
In addition when storing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases the following guidelines must be adhered to:
Cryogenic liquids are materials that have boiling points of less than -75C (-100 F) and include liquid nitrogen, helium, and argon along with slush mixtures of dry ice with isopropanol. Gases such as oxygen and hydrogen are often used in the liquid state. In storing cryogenic liquids and liquefied gases:
Highly reactive materials include peroxidizable substances, pyrophoric compounds, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, water reactive substances, thermally unstable compounds, and perchloric acid. The following precautions should be taken when storing these materials:
Organic peroxides and peroxide forming materials are particularly dangerous in that the potential for an explosion occurring is very great. When storing organic peroxides and peroxide forming materials the following guidelines must be followed:
If peroxides are present in solution they should be disposed of according to the guidelines in the Chemical Hazardous Waste Management Guidebook.
Perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent . It can react explosively with organic compounds and reducing agents. In storing perchloric acid:
Storing particularly hazardous substances such as carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and highly acute toxins should be in accordance with the following guidelines:
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
Engineering controls include fume hoods and other types of local ventilation devices such as glove boxes, storage cabinets, canopy hoods and gas cabinets. The use of engineering controls is extremely effective in minimizing exposures to hazardous materials.
The fume hood is probably the primary engineering control used to protect workers from exposure to hazardous materials in the laboratory. A fume hood is an enclosure with a movable sash that has been designed to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory. Air is drawn in from the laboratory but the fume hood is not designed to capture air contaminants generated outside of the enclosure, only those generated within. The fume hood is constructed of material that will withstand fire for several minutes but not necessarily explosions.
To be effective in controlling exposures to hazardous chemicals the laboratory fume hood must be operating properly and used correctly. To ensure proper operation of fume hoods:
The following guidelines are intended to ensure correct use of laboratory fume hoods:
Glove boxes, which are usually small units with multiple openings to which arm length rubber gloves are mounted, are often used as containment devices. Glove boxes generally operate under negative pressure even though those used for experiments in which protection from the atmosphere is desired operate under positive pressure.
If toxic chemicals are used in a glove box, the box should be operated under negative pressure. The gloves should always be checked for the appropriate composition before use. The exhaust air may require special treatment (such as chemical scrubbing and/or HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filtration) before release into the regular exhaust system.
If highly toxic materials must be used in a positive pressure glove box, the box and gloves must be tested for leaks prior to each use. It is also desirable to have a shut off valve or pressure gauge designed into the system for monitoring purposes.
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
Personal protective equipment, PPE, consists of eye protection, gloves, and apparel such as lab coats and aprons. While engineering controls are the most effective in reducing exposure to hazardous substances, the use of PPE will also minimize the risk of exposure to hazardous materials and should always be used in conjunction with engineering controls.
The MSDS for a given material describes what personal protective equipment should be used for its safe handling and use.
Contact with the eyes is one of the primary routes of exposure to hazardous substances. Therefore, eye protection is necessary for all work involving the use and handling of chemicals no matter how innocuous the material may seem.
University of Minnesota policy requires that all personnel and visitors wear eye protection at all times while in Chemistry Department Laboratories in accordance with both Minnesota Law, 126.20 and 29 CFR 1910.133. Eye protection is required whether or not one is actually performing a chemical operation. Visitors should not be permitted to enter a lab unless they are wearing appropriate eye protection. In areas where chemicals are handled, a supply of safety glasses should be available for the use of visitors and facilities management personnel. Also, signs indicating that eye protection is required must be posted.
Safety glasses with side shields meeting the American National Standards Institute Standard Z87.1-1989 provide the minimum acceptable eye protection for regular use. Ordinary prescription glasses do not provide adequate protection against eye injury and should not be used as safety glasses.
Contact lenses should not be worn in the laboratory. They offer no protection against eye injury and may interfere with first aid procedures including eye - flushing. If contact lenses must be worn for medical reasons, then tight fitting goggles should always be worn over the contact lenses.
When the possibility of splashing or spraying chemicals exists, or when there is a danger of flying particles goggles having splash proof sides should be worn. Goggles should be worn when working with hazardous substances, when working with glassware under reduced or elevated pressures, and when using glass apparatus in high temperature operations. In addition, full face shields with throat protection should be used when working with highly hazardous or explosive materials.
For procedures involving exposure to laser, ultraviolet light, infrared light or intense visible light specialized eye protection should be worn.
Contact with skin is one of the major routes of exposure to hazardous substances. Therefore, gloves should be worn when working with chemicals. The Chemical Hygiene Plan requires that gloves be worn when working with particularly hazardous substances. Also, gloves are required when working with any substance on the OSHA list of regulated substances carrying a "skin" notation .
Gloves selected should be resistant to the chemical in use. The glove material should have the appropriate degradation and permeation characteristics to provide protection from the hazardous substance in use. Most manufactures provide glove selection guides which contain further information on the chemical resistance to various classes of gloves. Table VI summarizes the chemical resistance to common glove materials.
Always inspect gloves before use to ensure that they do not have any cracks or small holes in them. If gloves are torn they should be replaced immediately. Gloves should always be removed before leaving the work area and before handling objects such as telephones, doorknobs, notebooks and writing instruments. Before gloves are taken off, they should be appropriately decontaminated or washed. When gloves can no longer be reused they should be disposed of appropriately.
Protective apparel such as laboratory coats, aprons and gloves should be worn if the possibility of contaminating personal clothing with hazardous chemicals exists. The choice of apparel depends on the specific hazardous materials being used. Factors to consider in apparel choice include resistance to physical hazards, chemical and thermal resistance, ease and flexibility of movement, ease of removal and ease of cleaning or disposal. Table VII summarizes the properties of protective apparel materials.
All work areas in which hazardous substances are in use must be equipped with both an easily accessible and properly functioning safety shower and an easily accessible and properly functioning eyewash facility. The safety shower and eyewash facility must meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.151(c).
Safety showers and eyewash facilities are inspected annually by Facilities Management. It is recommended that eyewash facilities be flushed out at least weekly.
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
Before working in the laboratory one should familiarize him/herself with the following safety guidelines so that all individuals will be protected from the health and physical hazards associated with work in the laboratory.
Introduction | Hygiene Plan | Chemical Storage | Engineering Controls | Safety Equipment | Safety Guidelines | Physical Hazards | Health Hazards | Hazardous Substances | Equipment/Procedures | EMERGENCY
In this section of the manual are the standard operating procedures for working with chemicals that are potential physical hazards. Standard operating procedures describe precautions and measures beyond general laboratory practices that the laboratory worker should follow to minimize the dangers associated with potential physical hazards. Before consulting the appropriate standard operating procedure, the general safety guidelines in of this safety manual should be read and understood. In addition, it is possible that a substance may be both a potential physical and health hazard. It is then necessary to consult the appropriate standard operating procedures for both physical and health hazards.
Flammable and combustible substances are routinely used in most laboratories and are, therefore, a common source of fire hazard. Flammable substances will readily catch fire and burn in air and may be either solids, liquids or gases. The following definitions from the Laboratory Standard apply :
any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 F or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
a solid that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard.
a gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less or forms a range of flammable mixtures with air regardless of the lower limit.
a liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 F(37.8 C) but below 200 F (93.3 C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 F or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
the lowest temperature at which a liquid has a sufficient vapor pressure to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion independent of the heat source.
the range of concentrations in mixtures of air that will propagate a flame and cause an explosion.
Flammable gases pose special hazards since leakage or escape of the gas can produce an explosive atmosphere in the laboratory. Especially hazardous are acetylene, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, propane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen.
A knowledge of the flammability characteristics of a substance is essential for the proper handling of flammable materials. Flashpoints, limits of flammability, and ignition temperatures are characteristics that are readily available for most common laboratory chemicals. Table VIII summarizes flammability characteristics for some common chemicals. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries also contain information on flammability characteristics. The flammability characteristics found in Table VIII and on LCSS's are based on standard test methods which may be different than conditions in the laboratory. Therefore, large safety factors should be applied when working with flammable and combustible materials. Many common solvents have flashpoints that are lower than room temperature making them potentially dangerous.
Probably the quickest way to assess the risk associated with flammable substances is to use the NFPA fire hazard ratings. These ratings are based on the severity of the fire hazard and the following criteria apply:
The following guidelines should be followed when working with flammable and combustible substances:
Depending on the identity of the compressed gas, it can be both a potential physical and a potential health hazard. The compression of a gas results in a large amount of potential energy. Therefore, compressed gas cylinders are high energy sources and are potential explosives. Compressed gas cylinders can act as a rocket or fragmentation bomb. If the gas is flammable there is also the potential for a fire or explosion to occur.
Also, the reactivity and toxicity of the gas can result in associated health hazards. Even inert gases such as nitrogen can be hazardous since high concentrations can cause asphyxiation.
The Laboratory Standard defines a compressed gas as:
any material or mixture having in the container either an absolute pressure greater than 276 kPa (40 lbf/in2 ) at 21 C, or an absolute pressure greater than 717 kPa (104 lbf/in2 ) at 54 C, or both , or any liquid flammable material having a Reid vapor pressure greater than 276 kPa (40lbf/in2 ) at 38 C.
Before working with compressed gases, one should become familiar with the general guidelines for handling and using compressed gases in addition to any other physical or health hazards associated with the particular gas. The following precautions should be taken when storing, handling and using compressed gas cylinders:
When working with compressed gases that are flammable, corrosive, irritating or toxic, the following additional guidelines should be observed:
Cryogenic liquids have boiling points of less than -73 C ( -100 F). Commonly used cryogenic liquids include liquid nitrogen, helium and argon and slush mixtures of dry ice with isopropanol. All of these substances are commonly used in cold traps. Other materials such as oxygen and hydrogen are, also, often used in the liquid state. The extreme cold of cryogenic liquids necessitates special care in their use. The main hazards associated with using cryogenic liquids are fire or explosion , pressure buildup, embrittlement of structural materials, frostbite, and asphyxiation.
The following guidelines are intended to minimize the hazards associated with working with cryogens and liquefied gases:
The Laboratory Standard defines an oxidizer as:
a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.
Oxidizing agents tend to be corrosive, and are potential fire and explosive hazards. They may react violently when in contact with reducing materials. Sometimes they also undergo a violent reaction with ordinary combustibles and trace metals.
To minimize the hazards associated with working with oxidizers:
Pyrophorics are substances that ignite spontaneously in contact with air. Examples of pyrophorics include many finely divided metals, metal hydrides, alloys of reactive metals, low-valent metal salts and iron sulfides. Table IX lists several specific examples of pyrophoric substances.
When working with pyrophorics:
Substances that are classified as water reactive are those that react violently with water. Typically these materials result in a large evolution of heat when in contact with water, decompose in moist air and may violently decompose in liquid water. Water reactives include alkali metals, many organometallics, some hydrides, some anhydrous metal hydrides, nonmetal oxides and halides. Table X gives specific examples of water reactive substances.
When working with water reactive substances:
Working with incompatible chemicals may result in the formation of substances that are toxic, flammable, explosive or have a combination of both physical and health hazards associated with them. Table XI lists some classes of incompatible chemicals (reactive hazards).
To minimize the risks involved in working with incompatible chemicals:
Special precautions must be taken in handling explosive materials. Explosions result when a substance undergoes a rapid reaction resulting in a violent release of energy. Explosive materials are those substances that either detonate or deflagrate. Many factors including heat, light, mechanical shock, and certain catalysts may initiate explosive reactions. Gases and fumes resulting from explosions may also have health hazards associated with them.
Table XII contains examples of typical classes of explosive compounds.
If it is necessary to work with explosive or highly reactive materials, the following guidelines must be adhered to:
A particularly powerful oxidizing agent is perchloric acid. Perchloric acid has the potential for undergoing explosive reactions with organic compounds and reducing agents. Besides perchloric acid, perchlorate esters and transition metal perclorates are capable of exploding.
The following precautions should be observed when working with perchloric acid:
Organic peroxides are one of the more hazardous classes of chemicals commonly found in the laboratory. Generally they are low power explosives , but they are extremely sensitive to shock, sparks, and other forms of accidental ignition. In addition, organic peroxides are highly flammable. There are also many potentially hazardous compounds that autooxidize when exposed to air and form hydroperoxides and peroxides. Table V lists examples of compounds which are known to form peroxides.
Precautions for handling peroxides include:
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Prior to using substances classified as health hazards, it is essential that the risks associated with these chemicals be well understood. All substances can potentially have adverse effects on living systems depending on the duration of exposure, frequency of exposure and the inherent toxicity of the particular substance. Toxic effects can be acute, causing damage after a single short duration exposure or chronic, causing damage either after repeated or long duration exposure or a long latency period. Some chemicals may have both acute and chronic toxic effects.
Permissible exposure limits have been established by OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000) to protect workers from overexposure to airborne concentrations of hazardous substances. The Laboratory Standard requires that:
Therefore, standard operating procedures must be practiced when working with any chemical classified as a health hazard as required by the Laboratory Standard. It is highly possible that a specific chemical may exhibit several adverse health effects and it is then necessary to consult all appropriate procedures. It is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor to ensure that the PEL for a specific chemical not be exceeded.
In this section of the manual are standard operating procedures for working with irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents acting on the hematopoietic system and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Carcinogens, reproductive toxins and substances that have a high degree of acute toxicity are considered to be particularly hazardous and standard operating procedures for working with these materials are found in the next section of this safety manual. The standard operating procedures describe precautions in addition to general safety guidelines which the laboratory worker must take to be protected from exposure to health hazards. Also included are examples of the particular class of hazardous chemical. However, these lists are not exhaustive and it is advisable to always consult the MSDS, LCSS or other appropriate reference material for a specific compound.
As defined in 29 CFR 1910.1250, a corrosive is:
a chemical that causes visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact.
Corrosive materials are commonly found in the laboratory and can effect the skin and eyes, the respiratory tract and if ingestion occurs, the gastrointestinal tract.
Corrosive substances exist as solids, liquids and gases. Liquids such as bromine, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide solutions and hydrogen peroxide, tend to be especially dangerous since their action on skin occurs very rapidly. Corrosive gases can cause serious lung damage. Typical examples of corrosive gases include chlorine, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. Solids such as sodium hydroxide, phosphorous and phenol can be corrosive to the skin and dusts from corrosive solids can also seriously damage the respiratory tract.
There are many classes of compounds that exhibit corrosive properties. Strong acids, strong bases, strong dehydrating agents, and strong oxidizing agents tend to be corrosive. Table XIII gives several specific examples of corrosive materials.
Precautions for working with corrosives include:
According to 29 CFR 1910.1250 an irritant is defined as:
a chemical which is not corrosive, but which causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact.
There are a large number of chemicals, both organic and inorganic, that are irritants. Several examples are shown in Table XIV.
Precautions for working with irritants include:
As defined in 29 CFR 1910.1250, a sensitizer is:
a chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical.
An allergic reaction to a chemical results from previous sensitization to the chemical or to a structurally similar one. The reaction can be immediate or delayed and after sensitization occurs can result from exposure to extremely small doses of the substance.
The tendency to become sensitized to a chemical differs widely among individuals. It is possible that an individual will exhibit an allergic response even if the recommended personal protective measures are taken. Individuals working with sensitizers should be aware of the signs and symptoms associated with allergic responses to chemicals which include red, swollen and itchy skin and eyes. Anaphylactic shock is an example of a severe immediate allergic reaction. It is advisable to consult the MSDS for the specific sensitizer. Examples can be found in Table XV.
When work involves sensitizers:
Toxic substances found in the laboratory may have adverse effects on many different target organs including the nervous system, the blood system, lungs, skin , eyes, the liver, and kidneys in addition to the reproductive system. Table XVI categorizes the effects of toxins on target organs and includes signs and symptoms of exposure and examples of the different types of toxins.
Precautions that should be taken when working with toxins affecting target organs include:
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According to the Laboratory Standard (29 CFR 1920.1450) certain classes of hazardous substances are considered to be particularly hazardous. Provisions for additional protection for personnel working with 'select carcinogens', reproductive toxins, and substances with a high degree of acute toxicity are required by the standard. Individuals working with particularly hazardous chemicals must consult the appropriate standard operating procedure in addition to all of the general safety guidelines. It is also advisable to consult the MSDS, LCSS or other appropriate reference material for the specific substance. The Laboratory Standard also requires that:
Therefore, standard operating procedures must be practiced when working with any chemical classified as a health hazard as required by the Laboratory Standard. It is highly possible that a specific chemical may exhibit several adverse health effects and it is then necessary to consult all appropriate procedures. It is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor to ensure that the PEL for a specific chemical not be exceeded.
The standard operating procedures for working with particularly hazardous substances are presented in this section of the safety manual and include procedures for working with 'select carcinogens', reproductive toxins, and substances that have a high degree of acute toxicity. These procedures emphasize the use of containment devices, the establishment of designated areas, the removal of contaminated waste and decontamination procedures.
It is essential that all work with particularly hazardous substances be conducted in a designated area. A designated area is defined in 29 CFR 1910.1450 as:
an area which may be used for work with 'select carcinogens', reproductive toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a hood.
A designated area must be posted with a highly visible sign.
Carcinogens are substances that are capable of causing cancer and are chronically toxic agents. Those substances exhibiting the greatest carcinogenic hazard are referred to as 'select carcinogens' and according to the Laboratory Standard are considered to be particularly hazardous. A 'select carcinogen' is defined as:
a substance that meets one of the following criteria:
Table XVII lists general classes of compounds for which some members of the class have been identified as carcinogens.
The general procedures for working with carcinogens are:
Reproductive toxins are defined as:
chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage ( mutations ) and effects on fetuses ( teratogenesis).
Reproductive toxins can have adverse effects on both men and women. Many reproductive toxins are chronic toxins and therefore the effects may only become evident after repeated or long duration exposures. Table XVIII lists examples of reproductive toxins.
Developmental toxins cause adverse effects on the embryo or fetus during pregnancy.
When working with reproductive or developmental toxins:
Compounds with a high degree of acute toxicity are those that have a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. Median lethal dose refers to the quantity of material required to produce a lethal response in 50 percent of the test animals. According to the Laboratory Standard, substances with a high degree of acute toxicity are considered to be particularly hazardous. Table XIX gives several examples of highly acute toxic materials. Also Table XX lists the Category 1 Gaseous Poison Inhalation Hazards as listed by the DOT. When working with chemicals that have a high degree of acute toxicity:
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Many types of laboratory equipment and common laboratory processes have inherent risks associated with them. For example, there is always a risk of explosion or implosion when working under conditions of elevated or reduced pressures. Highly exothermic reactions can become violent unless there is means of cooling. In this chapter of the Safety Manual are safety guidelines for using common equipment and devices used for temperature and pressure control and other miscellaneous laboratory equipment.
Using cooling water in laboratory equipment such as condensers is a common laboratory practice. The tubing used to supply the water can become disconnected creating an annoying flood hazard. To minimize the flooding hazard:
Commonly used cooling baths include ice water and salt and ice. When it is necessary to reach lower temperatures, dry ice and an organic liquid are often used. Using cryogenic coolants must be done with caution. The following guidelines are intended to minimize the hazards associated with using cooling baths and cold traps:
Ovens are commonly used for drying glassware and removing solvents from samples. Except for vacuum drying ovens, most ovens do not have a means of preventing volatilized material from being released into the laboratory atmosphere which can result in potential exposure situations. In addition, it is possible that explosive mixtures can form inside the oven. Precautions that should be observed when using ovens include:
Extreme care must be taken when using oil or sand baths for heating purposes. Serious injuries, such as burns, can result due to the splattering of hot material. Overheated oil can easily burst into flames. When using oil or sand baths:
The risk of implosion and flying glass, spattering chemicals and fires is always present when working under conditions of reduced pressure. Large pressure differences tend to develop in equipment operating at reduced pressures which can force liquids into unwanted areas such as vacuum pumps. To work safely under reduced pressure:
The main risk associated with operations carried out at high pressures is that of explosion. Care must be taken in designing high pressure processes. When work at high pressures:
When performing hydrogenation reactions above one atmosphere, it is necessary to take special precautions in addition to those for handling gas cylinders and flammable gases. Only apparatus designed for the intended application should be used. It is important to work in a well ventilated area and use shields or barricades when their is a possibility that a reaction may run out of control. Experimental work should be designed to avoid conditions which may lead to an explosive situation. The following guidelines should be observed when performing hydrogenation reactions at high pressures:
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Even minor emergencies are of great concern in the laboratory setting. Laboratories generally have a high hazard level. Often, there are many solvents or chemicals that can be explosive. The possibility of dangerous reactions between incompatible chemicals also exists. There is the potential for flash fires and explosions. With the high fuel load likely in laboratories it does not take long for a small fire to quickly spread. Also, in the event of a fire there is the potential for producing unknown toxic products.
Chemical spills and releases are always a possibility in the laboratory work area. Depending on the nature of the material spilled or released, there is the potential for chemical overexposure, fires or explosions. When hazardous materials are spilled or released, the situation can be life threatening.
The laboratory worker should always work in a manner that minimizes the probability of an accident occurring. Following proper housekeeping, minimizing materials, storing solvents properly, using personal protective equipment, and using engineering controls will reduce the chances of an accident occurring. However, accidents can still happen and one must always be prepared for this possibility.
Planning and preparation are essential. In planning procedures, the possible hazards in the work area, the consequences of potential spills, emergency response information, the location and availability of emergency equipment, location of exits, and the emergency telephone numbers must be known. The measures that one can take in preparing for emergencies include:
Emergency Telephone Numbers shall be posted near each telephone and shall include:
The Chemistry Department has two general purpose spill kits. One is located in the sub-basement of Smith Hall near the east elevator. The second kit is located in the northwest hallway of Kolthoff Hall by room 498. Both spill kits contain:
While it is University policy that personnel are not required to extinguish fires, appropriately trained personnel may attempt to extinguish fires under certain circumstances. All Chemistry Department laboratories are equipped with dry chemical extinguishers. Many laboratories are also equipped with carbon dioxide extinguishers. Laboratory personnel should be familiar with the location , use and type of fire extinguishers in their work area.
Besides the fire extinguishers in laboratory areas, there are dry chemical extinguishers located in wall cabinets on every floor in both Smith and Kolthoff.
In addition, in the sub-basement of Smith Hall by the East elevator, there area three extinguishers: a 30 lb. dry chemical, a 20lb carbon dioxide and a 30 lb Class D.
In the NW hallway of Kolthoff Hall by 498 there is a 30 lb Class D extinguisher. Fire hoses are also located in Kolthoff Hall and can be found in red cabinetson every floor.
Proper experimental planning and attention to laboratory details are essential in emergency preparedness. Emergencies, such as spills or fires, are most likely to occur during an experiment, in the transport of materials and during storage. Following all of the safety guidelines for chemical transport and storage along with good housekeeping will minimize the possibility of an accident occurring.
When planning an experiment always consult an MSDS or other appropriate reference material for exposure limits, fire and explosion hazard data, health hazard data, reactivity hazard information, spill cleanup procedures, and emergency first aid. Of particular concern in safety planning are oxidizing and reducing agents, corrosives, reactive chemicals, air sensitive substances, and highly toxic materials. Know the potential problems and the appropriate response before beginning an experimental procedure.
The proper response to an emergency situation is essential. An inappropriate response can lead to a situation far more hazardous then the original emergency. Some, though not all, chemical spills and fires will require outside assistance. The following sections are intended to provide guidance in emergency response.
The building emergency alarm system can be activated in the event of an emergency requiring building evacuations such as a fire or major chemical spill. Any time the building alarm sounds , evacuation of the building is mandatory. If there is no alarm sounding but a police, fire or haz-mat official tells you to evacuate you are required to leave the building. Failure to evacuate when requested by authorities can result in arrest.
Evacuate by the nearest exit and stay off of the elevator. Move away from the building. Do not return to the building until the all clear is given by the police, fire official, or a member of the haz-mat team.
Fires in areas where there are chemicals are potentially very dangerous. Besides the rapid spread of fires in areas where there is a large quantity of stored chemicals and the potential for explosions, there is always the possibility of producing highly toxic unknown vapors during chemical fires. Approaching chemical fires must always be done with extreme caution.
While it is University Policy that personnel are not required to extinguish fires, appropriately trained personnel may attempt to extinguish fires under certain conditions. All Chemistry Department laboratories are equipped with dry chemical extinguishers and most laboratories are also equipped with carbon dioxide extinguishers. Personnel should only attempt to extinguish fires under the following conditions:
There are different types of fire extinguishers available. Not all fire extinguishers are suitable for all types of fire. A summary of the common types of extinguishers and their suitability for use and precautions is given in Table XX.
In attempting to extinguish a fire make sure that it is safe to do so and remember that an extinguisher is only a first aid tool and should not be used to control large fires. Fire extinguishers are intended for small isolated fires only. The extinguisher only has about 10 to 30 seconds of spray and is only effective over a short distance of about 5 to 10 feet.
In using a fire extinguisher, make sure that the exit is always within reach. Be careful not to trap any persons on the other side of a fire. It is best to have more than one individual present when attempting to extinguish a fire. Do not take any chances.
It is helpful to remember the acronym "P.A.S.S." when using an extinguisher.
P Pull the Pin
A Aim at the base of the flames
S Squeeze the trigger while holding the extinguisher upright
S Sweep from side to side
Whenever a fire extinguisher is discharged it should be inspected and recharged. Discharged fire extinguishers must be taken to the Departmental Stockroom for replacement. Facilities Management inspects and tags fire extinguishers annually.
Individuals are not required to fight chemical fires and have the right to call 911 and activate the building alarm.
If there is a fire in an individual's laboratory or work area, the first concern should be for the safety of all individuals in the area. The area should be evacuated immediately regardless of who attempts to extinguish the fire. In the event of a fire:
It is always possible for a chemical spill to occur in a laboratory even when following all the chemical hygiene rules and working safely. Most of the time, spills in the laboratory involve relatively small quantities of materials. However, even small amounts of highly toxic or highly reactive materials can be life threatening and dangerous. Some spills can be cleaned up by laboratory personnel. However, there are a number of circumstances which indicate that outside assistance should be requested.
If there is a chemical spill in the work area or if a spill is discovered in another area, the first concern should be for the safety of all individuals. Regardless of the size of the spill , all persons in the vicinity of the spill should evacuate the area. Notify any neighbors that there has been a chemical spill. If any one has been injured, remove them from the spill area if it can be done safely. Do not enter an area where there are toxic gases or vapors. If a person cannot evacuate an area where there has been a spill call 911 immediately.
Confine the spill as best as possible without exposing any persons to fumes. As the area is evacuated, shut off any electrical equipment if it is safe to do so. If possible establish exhaust ventilation and open windows. Be sure to vent fumes only to the outside of the building. Close the fire doors as this will help to confine the spill.
After individuals have been evacuated and the spill confined, it will be necessary to assess the situation and decide if outside assistance should be requested or if it is safe for laboratory personnel to cleanup the spill. Caution should be used in making this judgment.
Laboratory personnel can cleanup low hazard level spills. Low hazard level spills are those spills which do not spread rapidly, do not endanger people and do not endanger the environment. All other spills are high hazard level spills and require outside assistance.
The existence of a number of conditions indicate that outside assistance
should be requested as suggested below: :
CALL 911
CALL EHS(626-6002)<
If none of the above conditions exist, the spill can be cleaned up by
laboratory personnel. Otherwise call either 911, or EHS as outlined
above. In either case, inform the main office (4-6000). An incident form
must be filled out for all spills regardless of who cleans it up.
While waiting for emergency responders, the spill area will have to be secured. Block off entrances to the area by either locking doors and posting signs, taping or roping off stairwells and elevators or posting staff by commonly used entrances. Any persons securing the area must remain at a safe distance from the spill.
In the event of a release of toxic or explosive materials, it is best to evacuate the entire building. For example, if an individual is working with any of the inhalation hazards given on the prior approval list and there is a release the building should be evacuated. These materials are highly acute toxins and can be life threatening. Any spills of volatile highly acute toxins which cannot be confined ( for example -in a hood) also require building evacuation.
For releases of toxic or explosive materials or for any situation which in one's professional judgment requires total evacuation, the immediate area should be evacuated and from a safe area call 911 and activate the building alarm. The emergency should be reported to the main office, 4-6000.
For high hazard spills either EHS or the fire department will clean up or stabilize the spill. High hazard spills are those which present fire, health or reactivity hazards. If assistance has been requested from EHS, and it has been determined that the spill can be safely cleaned up by laboratory personnel, they will provide advice on how to safely clean up the spill.
When cleaning up a low hazard spill the proper clean up procedure must be known. If experimental work has been properly planned, this information should be readily available. The appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn and any hazardous waste should be disposed of appropriately. The following guidelines are intended to aid in chemical spill cleanup:
While a power outage is generally not thought of as being an emergency, hazardous situations can develop if there is a loss of power. When there is a power loss, fume hoods and the ventilation system will not necessarily function properly. If one is in the process of an experimental procedure and the there is a power outage, there is the risk of toxic vapors accumulating. The situation can easily become hazardous.
In the event of a power outage:
In the event of an injury:
Report injuries to the Front Office, 139 Smith 4-6000.
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